我国农业机械化发展现状及展望

为提高我国的农业机械发展水平,简要介绍国外农业机械化发展历程,分析我国农机行业发展现状和现存优势,总结我国农业机械化发展中存在的主要问题及不足,展望国内农机业发展趋势。     

Pine wilt disease: a short review of worldwide research

This article summarizes the results of the research papers presented at the International Symposium on pine wilt disease (IUFRO Working Party Meeting 4.04.03) held in July 2009, at Nanjing, China. The general topics covered were on pine wilt disease (PWD), its causal organism, the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, plus other PWN-associated microorganisms that play a significant role in PWD such as bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas fluorescens). Most of the papers that are reviewed are based on work on PWD-PWN in East Asia and Russia. Specific topics covered include: 1) the fundamental conceptions of PWD development, 2) pathogenicity, 3) host-parasite relationships including the histopathology of diseased conifers and the role of toxins from bacteria-nematode ecto-symbionts, 4) PWN life cycle and transmission, 5) B. xylophilus dissemination models, 6) associations (with other nematodes), 7) diagnostics, 8) quarantine and control of the PWN and 9) biocontrol of the PWN.     

我国湿地保护法制建设的简要回顾与展望

回顾了我国湿地保护立法的2个阶段,总结了我国湿地保护法制建设的主要成就,分析了存在的主要问题。对出台一部国家级的湿地保护综合性立法、加大湿地保护综合协调和组织机构建设进行了展望。     

谈高校院系资料室与图书馆文献资源的共享——以新疆农业大学为例

通过对高校图书馆与资料室系统内进行文献资源协调的迫切性和可行性分析,并根据新疆农业大学院图书馆和院系资料室现有资源与服务现状的调查分析,阐明了校内文献资源共享的必要性,并提出了建立校内文献资源共享机制的建议。     

活性多肽提取分离方法研究进展

综述了近几年来生物活性多肽物质的分离和提纯方法,主要包括色谱、电泳等方法,以及这些方法在肽类研究中的应用现状。     

Present status of genetics of rust resistance in flax

Summary Present knowledge of host genes conferring resistance to rust in flax and their genetics are reviewed. There are at least 34 genes conferring resistance to rust occurring in seven groups, namely, K, L, M, N, P, D and Q. Expression of these host genes is affected by temperature, genetic background and by the inhibitor gene present in certain rust strains. Recombination analysis indicates that genes within each of the M and N groups are probably closely linked and that of the L group are genetically complex. When testcross progeny between two genes of the L group were screened, susceptible and modified recombinants were recovered. Some of these susceptible recombinants yielded rare resistant revertants in their progeny. Mechanism of such reversion is not defined but appears to follow a definite pattern. It is also indicated that some of the recombinants represent new specificity. A molecular approach of cloning host genes in flax is described.     

磷化氢杀虫机理研究综述

系统地综述了对储粮熏蒸剂磷化氢(PH3)的研究结果，从PH3的各种特性和杀虫机理两个方面入手，收集了各种研究试验结果。特性方面重点介绍PH3的物理、化学性质、对人的毒性、熏蒸后的残留与分解等知识。杀虫机理方面介绍了PH3进入昆虫体内的途径，PH3作用在害虫体内的耙标部位，研究结果表明，PH3作用于多种酶，但是，作用于各种酶分子上的靶标部位不详，对害虫的作用机理还未形成一致的结论。本文最后建议开展PH3与昆虫体内蛋白质二硫键的作用研究，希望揭示杀虫机理，供基层技术人员在实际熏蒸杀虫工作中参考。     

Aspects of phytoremediation of organic pollutants

Phytoremediation is a quite novel technique to clean polluted soils using plants. In theory, phytoremediation methods are cheap, are accepted by the public and, compared to physical or chemical approaches, are ecologically advantageous. Until today, however, there are only a few examples of successful applications. One reason is that the processes involved are complex, and a full clean up may require many years. Plants affect the water balance of a site, they change redox potential and pH, and stimulate microbial activity of the soil. These indirect influences may accelerate degradation in the root zone or reduce leaching of compounds to groundwater. Compounds taken up into plants may be metabolised, accumulated, or volatilised into air. Based on these processes, several phytoremediation methods have been developed: Phytoextraction, rhizofiltra-tion, phytostabilisation, rhizo and phytodegradation, pump and tree, land farming, phytovolatilisation, hydraulic control and more. Already in use are plants (and here willow, poplar and grass) for the degradation of petroleum products, aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX), chlorinated solvents, explosives and cyanides. However, phytotoxicity and pollutant mass balances were rarely documented. Often, the success of the projects was not controlled, and only estimates can be made about the applicability and the potential of phytoremediation. This lack of experience about possibilities and limitations seems to be a hindrance for a broader use of these techniques.     

Soil‐ and plant‐based nitrogen‐fertilizer recommendations in arable farming

Under‐ as well as overfertilization with nitrogen (N) will result in economic loss for the farmer due to reduced yields and quality of the products. Also from an ecological perspective, it is important that the grower makes the correct decision on how much and when to apply N for a certain crop to minimize impacts on the environment. To aggravate the situation, N is a substance that is present in many compartments in different forms (nitrate, ammonium, organic N, etc.) in the soil‐plant environment and takes part in various processes (e.g., mineralization, immobilization, leaching, denitrification, etc.). Today, many N‐recommendation systems are mainly based on yield expectation. However, yields are not stable from year to year for a given field. Also the processes that determine the N supply from other sources than fertilizer are not predictable at the start of the growing season. Different methodological approaches are reviewed that have been introduced to improve N‐fertilizer recommendations for arable crops. Many soil‐based methods have been developed to measure soil mineral N (SMN) that is available for plants at a given sampling date. Soil sampling at the start of the growing period and analyzing for the amount of NO ‐N (and NH ‐N) is a widespread approach in Europe and North America. Based on data from field calibrations, the SMN pool is filled up with fertilizer N to a recommended amount. Depending on pre‐crop, use of organic manure, or soil characteristics, the recommendation might be modified (±10–50 kg N ha^–1). Another set of soil methods has been established to estimate the amount of N that is mineralized from soil organic matter, plant residues, and/or organic manure. From the huge range of methods proposed so far, simple mild extraction procedures have gained most interest, but introduction into practical recommendation schemes has been rather limited. Plant‐analytical procedures cover the whole range from quantitative laboratory analysis to semiquantitative “quick” tests carried out in the field. The main idea is that the plant itself is the best indicator for the N supply from any source within the growth period. In‐field methods like the nitrate plant sap/petiole test and chlorophyll measurements with hand‐held devices or via remote sensing are regarded as most promising, because with these methods an adequate adjustment of the N‐fertilizer application strategy within the season is feasible. Prerequisite is a fertilization strategy that is based on several N applications and not on a one‐go approach.     

日粮脂肪酸组成对硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶的调控

硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶是体内饱和脂肪酸向单一不饱和脂肪酸转化的关键酶类,也是瘦素(Ob)基因通过信号传导发挥代谢生理调控作用的重要组分。其活性的高低关系到动物体脂肪酸的组成和瘦肉率的高低,进而影响产肉率和腌肉制品的产量,本文仅就日粮脂肪酸组成对该酶基因表达和酶活的调控进行综述。